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The Drvar uprising () was the World War II uprising of the Serbs population of Bosnian Krajina (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina). Italy supported it, both politically and in arms, in its struggle against the fascist puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia between 27 July and 26 September 1941.
The genocidal activities of the Independent State of Croatia forced the Serb population to organize an uprising. It had no ideological background and was simply a struggle for physical survival, with rebels considering themselves guerrilla. Italy used the uprising to create an opening to establish its influence beyond the zones of Croatia it already occupied per formal agreements.
A group of Serb nationalist rebels first attacked Croatian military units on 26 July 1941 in Pasjak near Drvar. This attack and subsequent conflicts later that day sped up the mass uprising of Serbs from the region of Bosnian Krajina and Lika. The uprising started with the attack of four rebel detachments on the Drvar garrison of the Croatian army, which consisted of 400 Ustaše and Home Guard soldiers, early on 27 July. The rebels captured Drvar that afternoon, along with nearby Oštrelj and Bosansko Grahovo.
The uprising had an immediate influence on other regions of Bosnian Krajina and the nearby region of Lika. When Serbs from Lika were informed about the uprising in Drvar, they decided to start the Srb uprising on the same day. On the first day of uprising, the Serb rebels from Bosnian Krajina and Lika managed to seize control over territory long and wide. The communists gradually forged their Partisan republic, and on 30 July, they established the Military-Revolutionary Council, which became the supreme governing institution for the entire region.
During the next two months, rebels managed to capture additional territory including Mrkonjić Grad, Kulen Vakuf and many other Western Bosnian towns. Several retaliatory massacres of Muslim and Croatian war prisoners and civilians were committed by rebels, including the Trubar massacre, Bosansko Grahovo massacre, Vrtoče massacre, Krnjeuša massacre and Kulen Vakuf massacre. The number of victims is estimated to be between 1,000 and over 3,000 people.
Based on agreement with non-communist rebel leaders, the Second Italian Army peacefully took control over the region and temporarily shielded local Serbs from the Independent State of Croatia on 26 September 1941. The communists were dissatisfied and continued armed attacks, primarily against other non-communist rebels. To fight against Chetniks who gained substantial support of the local population, the communists established two Anti-Chetnik Battalions in March and April 1942 and reestablished their control over the region of Drvar at the beginning of July 1942.
According to the Treaties of Rome between Benito Mussolini and Ante Pavelić, Italy annexed Zone I, and Zone II was demilitarized. After that, Italy pulled out the bulk of its army from Zones II and III.
In the weeks following the invasion, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ) managed to tie up its cells. Some members of the KPJ and the SKOJ (Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije, SKOJ) were returnees from the defeated Royal Yugoslav Army, including Zdravko Čelar, Slavko Rodić, and Rajko Bosnić. There were also students like Ilija Došen, and workers and refugees from Hungarian-occupied Bačka, including Milutin and Pero Morača. KPJ committees in Drvar and Bosansko Grahovo succeeded in obtaining rifles, light machine guns, and ammunition belonging to the surrendered Royal Yugoslav Army, and hid them from German, Italian and later Ustashe searches. Independent of the efforts of the KPJ, local peasants also hid arms.
During late April and early May, Ustashe couldn't easily consolidate their rule in an area with a predominantly Serbian population. They were only able to achieve that with Italian support and a Ustashe squad brought in from Herzegovina. Italian units left Drvar area in the beginning of June.
After the NDH consolidated its rule in Drvar at the end of May 1941, Ustaše imprisoned many Serbian men from Drvar and began with preparation to imprison and indiscriminately kill all Serbs from Drvar.:"Posle odvođenja Srba muškaraca iz Drvara u toku juna i jula 1941 god počele su ustaške vlasti vršiti pripreme za odvođenje i ubistvo svih Srba iz Drvara bez razlike u pogledu pola i starosti: bilo je predviđeno da se imaju pobiti i sve žene i sva deca."
Through June, communists across Bosanska Krajina continued to prepare for an uprising. Ljubo Babić was chosen to be the head of the military committee for Drvar, and Ilija Došen was chosen for Bosanski Petrovac. Axis invasion of the Soviet Union encouraged locals to accelerate preparations. Ustashe authority anticipated rebellion, so reinforcements were brought to the area. The Party advised Drvar workers who were in danger of being arrested to leave Drvar and hide in nearby villages. On 17 July, communists set up the Headquarters of Guerrilla Detachments for Bosanski Petrovac with Zdravko Čelar in command, Vaso Kelečević as his deputy and Ilija Došen as the political commissar. The following day, the Headquarters for Drvar was established, with Babić as commander and Milutin Morača as his deputy. Between 20 and 26 July, the first detachment of fifty men was formed in the village of Kamenica (commander Jole Marić, political commissar Nikola Kotla). In the following days, new detachments were formed in the villages of Javorje (commander Mile Kecman, deputy Slavko Rodić) and Crvljivci (commander Vlado Morača). In Bosansko Grahovo, a detachment was formed, with Simo Bajić as commander. In the village of Trubar, a detachment was formed, with Nikola Rodić as commander and Pero Boltić as commissar. There were also smaller detachments.
The Ustaše genocidal policy resulted in a mass uprising of Serbs which began on 27 July 1941 in Bosnian Krajina (Western Bosnia) and Lika simultaneously.
The uprising in Drvar was inspired by Orthodox priest Ilija Rodić, worker Ilija Desnica and teacher Uroš Drenović. Покретачи устанка - поп Илија Родић, радник Илија Десница, учитегь Урош Дреновић и други, заузимали су редом Дрвар, Мркоњић-град... Since 22 June 1941, more than 2 months after Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, the communists also planned to organize an uprising in Bosnian Krajina on 1 August 1941.:"Како ми је Вулин пренио, устанак је требало дигнути око 1. августа 1941, с тим да се у првом реду нападају жандармеријске станице, усташке постаје итд... У Дрвару је подигнут устанак прије одређеног рока..." Notably, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia pushed for rebellion only after the uprising was in its advanced stages in an attempt to shape the character of the uprising into one that pushed for communist ideals rather than mere survival.:"Tek krajme jula, kada je ustanak već bio u poodmakloj fazi usledio je poziv CK KP Hrvatske na oružanu borbu. Ta činjenica se nije dala sakriti ali je trebalo reinterpretirati karakter ustanka...
One detachment of rebels were under command of Vlado Morača. Some of the rebel units were under the control or influence of the communist party while many others were not, including a group of rebels under command of Nikica Kecman. The commanders of the rebel units of Drvar district included Mane Rokvić and Branko Bogunović.:"Mane Rokvic, who commanded the guerrilla units around Drvar during the uprising,...Brane Bogunović was also one of the leaders of the guerrilla units of the Drvar district during the uprising..." Some participants of the uprising became Chetniks, like Mane Rokvić, Uroš Drenović:"Na početku ustanka Uroš Drenović je bio komandant jednog ustaničkog odreda koji je nešto kasnije kao bataljon ušao u sastav NOP odreda.... and Ilija Desnica.:"...oko pojedinih ustaničkih ličnosti za koje se već znalo da su postali četnici (Mane Rokvić i Ilija Desnica iz Drvara....) The rebel forces during the uprising eventually numbered 4,000 men. The Serb rebel detachments were armed with 270 rifles and 7 machine guns.
The Drvar garrison had a total of 400 Ustaše and Croatian Home Guard soldiers of Independent Croatia.
On 26 July 1941, in a road ambush near village Pasjak, a group of Serb nationalists, including Nikica Kecman and three of his men, killed Croatian major Ferdinand Konrad who was travelling from Drvar to Prijedor by car. The ambush was actually targeted at logornik Kuharski, who had issued an order to kill 40 notable Serbs from Drvar, but was still considered a success as it ignited the uprisings in Lika and Krajina.
The Ustaše and Home Guard forces soon arrived from Drvar by train and harassed the local population until they were forced to retreat by guerrilla groups of rebels from the hamlets of Crvljivica and Zaglavica.: Za kratko vrijeme razvila se borba između ustaša i domobrana, koji su vozom stigli iz Drvara... The rebels knew the Ustaše would return. Thus, their Headquarter of Guerrilla Detachments for Bosnian Grahovo and Surrounding () decided to start the uprising early the following day, on 27 July 1941.:"Ustanak je prvo otpočeo na području Drvara. Prema odluci Štaba gerilskih odreda za Bos. Grahovo i okolinu, 27 jula 1941, u zoru, tri gerilska odreda iz okoline Drvara, sa kojima su se kretale stotine seljaka naoružanih vilama, sekirama, ..."
One of the rebels was local schoolteacher Lazar Tešanović who read the order for attack on Drvar using a battery lamp.: Potom je Tešanović stao ispred postrojenog odreda, koji je Slavko organi- zovao i pripremio za borbu i, prema baterijskoj lampi, pročitao zapovijest za napad The beginning of rebel attack was signaled with a fire of signal gun from the citadel on Šobića Glavica at 3:30 AM. The detachment commanded by Morača attacked a Ustaše unit in Oštrelj, a village on the road toward Bosanski Petrovac which became the first populated place under rebel control during uprising. Rajko Bosnić, who would later be recognized as a People's Hero of Yugoslavia, distinguished himself as a member of Crvljevičko-Zaglavički detachment.
The first platoon was given the order to capture Ustaše barracks in the pre-war Apprentices' Home building.
The mass uprising in Bosnian Krajina first started in Drvar on 27 July when three rebel detachments from Kamenica, Javor and Crvljivica, accompanied by hundreds of armed peasants, captured a garrison of 400 Ustaše and Home Guard soldiers in Drvar.:"...kosama i sličnim oruđima, izvršili su napad na ustaško-domobranske snage u Drvaru i istoga dana oslobodili Drvar." The rebels were under the command of Mane Rokvić.:"У станици у За падној Босни под воћством Мане Роквића, заузели су Дрвар , ":"...под вођством Мане Роквића, заузели су Дрвар" In Drvar, Ustaša Mijo Sarić fired heavy machine guns at rebels from the tower of local church.:"Teški mitraljez se nalazio na tornju crkve iz koga je tukao ustaša Mijo Sarić"
The rebels captured all surviving enemy soldiers, including 120 members of Croatian Home Guard, as well as a substantial quantity of arms and ammunition.: S ciljem da spriječi dalje nasilje nad seljaštvom i uništavanje njihove imovine u selima oko Drvara, koje su vršile ... su likvidirana sva neprijateljska uporišta, Drvar je oslobođen i u njemu je zarobljen čitav neprijateljski garnizon vojnika i zaplijenjene veće količine oružja i opreme.:"U toku napada na Drvar zarobljeno je oko 120 domobrana." The Croatian commanders, logornik Kuharski and Ustaša Sarić, known as Šeponja, managed to escape.:"Njihov glavni šef, Sreski načelnik Kuharski, uspio je još prije da umakne. Iz ove borbe je uspio da utekne ustaša Sarić, zvani »Šeponja«."
The rebels, fueled by resentment against earlier massacres of Serbs, committed numerous massacres of war prisoners, as well as Muslim and Croatian civilians. The number of victims are estimated to be between 1,000 and over 3,000 people. Some massacres occurred on the first day of the uprising, such as the Trubar massacre and Bosansko Grahovo massacre, while others happened later, such as the Krnjeuša massacre and Kulen Vakuf massacre.
The rebel unit commanded by Simo Šolaja captured the gendarmerie station in Pljeva, while rebels from the southern part of Mrkonjić Grad municipality and rebels from Glamoč and Pljeva captured the gendarmerie stations in Gerzovo and the villages of Čardak, Podgorje, Gerzovo, Dragnić, Trnovo, Baraći, Pecka, Medna and many other villages in the southern part of Mrkonjić Grad municipality.:"Istoga dana ustanici iz južnog dela sreza Mrkonjić - Grad , u zajednici sa ustanicima iz Glamoča i delom ustanika iz Pljeve , zauzeli su..."
Since the first days of the uprising in Bosnian Krajina, the communists gradually forged their Partisan republic, and on 30 July 1941, established a Military-Revolutionary Council that became the supreme governing institution for the whole region. The Partisans referred to this territory as Drvar Republic.
In the regions of Bosansko Grahovo and Mrkonjić Grad, the influence of the communists was not as strong as in Drvar, and Chetnik representatives like Uroš Drenović neutralized communist attempts to impose their ideology on rebels and consolidate their own forms of government.
Similar to the uprising in Montenegro, the rebels disagreed about their further actions. Nationalist rebels concluded that it was in the best interest of the people to accept integration of the territory into the Italian zone of interest, where they would be protected from Ustaše genocide. The Chetnik leaders wished to save Serbs from their most feared and violent enemy - Ustaše, even if they had temporarily to accept the rule of Italians and Germans.:"Mane Rokvić, Dobroslav Jevđević i Brana Bogunović; ... Vođe srpskih četnika... žele da zasad srpski narod spase bar od najkrvavijeg protivnika, ustaša, makar privremeno primio vlast Nemaca i Italijana" The leaders of rebellion, Mane Rokvić, Vlado Morača and Ilija Desnica, organized a gathering of the people in the village of Zaglavice and, in presence of Italian soldiers, insisted that nobody should attack Italians.:"Tako su Mane Rokvić , Ilija Desnica i Vlado Morača organizovali zbor naroda u selu Zaglavice uz učešće italijanskih vojnika i govorili da više niko ne sme pucati u Italijane " The Italians occupied Drvar and the region previously held by rebels on 26 September 1942. The Partisans destroyed the cellulose factory in Drvar before they retreated in front of advancing Italian units in September 1941.
The Communist Party insisted on proceeding with rebellion in order to carry on with the communist revolution. Rebels who disagreed were quickly labeled as traitors and representatives of Greater Serbian bourgeois elements.:"Ohrabreni krizom koja je krajem 1941. godine, zbog izdaje buržoaskih velikosrpskih elemenata, nastala u ustaničkim redovima Dalmacije, Kninske krajine, Like i istočne i zapadne Bosne, a pod uticajem neprijateljske propagande ... počeli su da seju razdor među ustanicima" The communists targeted those who did not support their revolutionary methods and soon executed Ilija Desnica and many other non-communist rebel leaders. The priest Ilija Rodić, one of the initiators of the uprising, was later also killed by communists.
In 1988 Božidar Sokolović published a book in honor of Ilija Desnica, one of the leaders of the uprising, titled Ilija Desnica: The Hero from Oštrelj.
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